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VocabularyCyclic organic compound containing nitrogen in a negative oxidation state which is of limited distribution among living organisms. A secondary metabolite in plants with significant pharmacological activity. Mass of somatic undifferentiated plant cells. Plant individuals originated from one initial plant. A number of plant individuals making up or considered a unit. This is basically an outgrowth of countercurrent distribution, as developed by Craig and Post. In the most distinct variant of CPC, one liquid phase remains stationary while the second solvent phase passes through the stationary phase solvent. The principle of separation involves the partition of a solute between two immiscible solvents (mobile and stationary phases). The relative proportion of solute passing into each of the two solvent phases is determined by the respective partition coefficients. As a liquid–liquid separation technique, CPC offers distinct advantages for the separation, isolation, and purification of lipids such as fatty acids or their derivatives, phospholipids, and tocopherols compared to traditional liquid–solid separation methods, as exemplified by normal column chromatography and/or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). "Off-site conservation". The process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal by removing it from an unsafe or threatened habitat and placing it or part of it under the care of humans. While ex situ conservation is comprised of some of the oldest and best known conservation methods known to man, it also involves newer, sometimes controversial laboratory methods. A tetracyclic Amaryllidaceae alkaloid (4à,5,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-3-methoxy-11-methyl-6H-benzofuro-(3a,3,2-el)-(2)-benzazepin-6-ol). The methods of land use which can best achieve the objectives of agronomic and environmental sustainability are described in several different Codes of Practice: designed by producers organizations (eg COLEACP), importers and retailers consortia (e.g. BRC, FPC, CIMO, EUREP) and Government bodies representing consumers (e.g. UK Food Standards Agency). The European Retailers Group (EUREP) is attempting to consolidate the agronomic and environmental components of all these codes into one universal set of rules or guidelines under the name EUREPGAP (= EUREP Good Agricultural Practice). This is intended to present a clear message to suppliers and reduce the confusion that flows from the current multiplicity of codes. The EUREP website sets out the rules and procedures which growers or traders must comply with in order to qualify for EUREPGAP certification. COLEACP is also trying to develop a harmonised framework taking the important parts of each code of practice. It is not clear how long this process of consolidation will take. Collection of genetic material (plant individuals, plant parts or organs, diasporås) destined for studying and conservation of the plant species. The principles of GLP define a set of rules and criteria for a quality system concerned with the organisational process and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and reported. The GLP principles have been developed to promote the quality and validity of data generated in the testing of chemicals in order to facilitate their recognition for purposes of assessment and other uses relating to the protection of human health and the environment. Although not limited to authorities, the recognition of data becomes most important in the context of regulatory processes where authorities have to assess the possible effects of chemicals on human health and the environment, often as part of an authorisation procedure. The recognition of test data generated in accordance with the principles of GLP by the authorities in several countries avoids duplicative testing, is beneficial to animal welfare and reduces costs for industry and governments. Moreover, common principles for GLP facilitate the exchange of information and prevent the emergence of non-tariff barriers to trade, while contributing to the protection of human health and environment. The principles of GLP have been developed in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and were first published in 1981. Subsequently a series of further documents on related issues, notably compliance monitoring and inspections, have been established. Documents and activities of the OECD in this area can be consulted on their GLP webpage. Analytical technique for qualitative and quantitative determination of organic and inorganic solutes in any samples especially biological, pharmaceutical, food, environmental, industrial, etc. In a liquid chromatographic process a liquid permeates through a porous solid stationary phase and elutes the solutes into a flow-through detector. The stationary phase is usually in the form of small-diameter (5-10 mm) uniform particles, packed into a cylindrical column. The typical column is constructed from a rigid material (such as stainless steel or plastic) and is generally 5-30 cm long and the internal diameter is in the range of 1-9 mm. Biotechnologies meaning regeneration, multiplication and growing of plants, cultivation of cells or storage and maintenance of plant material under artificial sterile conditions. Techniques for artificial regeneration, multiplication and growing of plants under unsterile or semi-sterile controlled condition (greenhouse, field). "On-site conservation". The process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species from predators. The benefit to in situ conservation is that it maintains recovering populations in the surrounding where they have developed their distinctive properties. As a last resort, ex situ conservation may be used on some or all of the population, when in-situ conservation is too difficult, or impossible. Wildlife conservation is mostly based on in situ conservation. This involves the protection of wildlife habitats. Also, sufficiently large reserves are maintained to enable the target species to exist in large numbers. The population size must be sufficient to enable the necessary genetic diversity to survive within the population, so that it has a good chance of continuing to adapt and evolve over time. This reserve size can be calculated for target species by examining the population density in naturally-occurring situations. The reserves must then be protected from intrusion, or destruction by man, and against other catastrophes. Difficult to degrade under natural conditions and usually not responsive to treatment; when a plant is recalcitrant it means that its cells, tissues and organs are unable to respond to tissue culture manipulations. Recalcitrance can be a major limiting factor for the biotechnological exploitation of economically important plant species and it can also impair the wider application of in vitro conservation techniques. It can occur at all stages of culture regime. The young growth arising from a germinating seed; a sprout/a bud, young leaf or other new growth on a plant. Culture of in-vitro obtained shoot-clumps. Euro-Mediterranean species from Amaryllidaceae, hygromesophyte, bulbous ephemeroide, inhabiting inundated or marshy meadows, swampy terrains, thinned riparian forests of longos type, at an altitude of 0-200 (300) m. As an element of the potential vegetation it occurs as an autochthonous assectator, seldom as an edificator in hygro- and hygromesophylic communities. It is typical for the riparian tree communities Alneta glutinosae and Fraxineta oxycarpae relating to the conservationally valuable habitat of Coastal Bulgarian Longos Forest and to the inundated grass communities of Carex sp. diversa, Òypha sp., Phragmites australis, etc. A simple, quick, and inexpensive analytical technique for qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of organic and inorganic solutes. TLC is also used to support the identity of a compound in a mixture when the Rf of a compound is compared with the Rf of a known compound (both run on the same TLC plate). A TLC plate is a sheet of glass, metal, or plastic which is coated with a thin layer of a solid adsorbent (usually silica or alumina). A small amount of the mixture to be analyzed is spotted near the bottom of this plate. The TLC plate is then placed in a shallow pool of a solvent in a developing chamber so that only the very bottom of the plate is in the liquid. This liquid, or the eluent, is the mobile phase, and it slowly rises up the TLC plate by capillary action. As the solvent moves past the spot that was applied, an equilibrium is established for each component of the mixture between the molecules of that component which are adsorbed on the solid and the molecules which are in solution. In principle, the components will differ in solubility and in the strength of their adsorption to the adsorbent and some components will be carried farther up the plate than others. When the solvent has reached the top of the plate, the plate is removed from the developing chamber, dried, and the separated components of the mixture are visualized. If the compounds are colored, visualization is straightforward. Usually the compounds are not colored, so a UV lamp is used to visualize the plates. (The plate itself contains a fluor which fluorescence everywhere except where an organic compound is on the plate.) Technique for accelerate propagation of bulbous plants. A tunicate bulb is cut vertically into pairs of scales with a part of the basal plate. The obtained propagules are incubated under semi-sterile conditions to produce bulblets. Twin scaling is more fiddly than the similar technique of chipping but many more new bulbs are produced from each parent bulb. |
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